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Western Chalukya literature in Kannada
A large body of Western Chalukya literature in Kannada language was produced during the reign of the Western Chalukya Empire (973–1200 CE) in what is now southern India. This dynasty, which ruled most of the western Deccan in South India is sometimes called the Kalyani Chalukya Dynasty after its royal capital at Kalyani (now Basavakalyan) and sometimes called the Later Chalukya Dynasty for its theoretical relationship to the 6th-century Chalukya dynasty of Badami.〔Kamath (2001), p. 100; B.R. Gopal in Kamath (2001), p. 100〕 For a brief period (1162–1183), the Kalachuris, a dynasty of kings who had earlier migrated to the Karnataka region from central India and served as vassals for several generations, exploited the growing weakness of their overlords and annexed the Kalyani.〔Kamath 2001, p. 108〕〔Cousens 1926, p. 13〕 Around 1183, the last Chalukya scion, Someshvara IV, overthrew the Kalachuris to regain control of the royal city. But his efforts were in vain, as other prominent Chalukya vassals in the Deccan, the Hoysalas, the Kakatiyas and the Seunas destroyed the remnants of the Chalukya power.〔Kamath (2001), pp. 107, 109〕
Kannada literature from this period is usually categorised into the linguistic phase called Old-Kannada. It constituted the bulk of the Chalukya court's textual production and pertained mostly to writings relating to the socio-religious development of the Jain faith.〔Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 17〕〔Pollock (2006), pp. 288–289〕 The earliest well-known writers belonging to the Shaiva faith are also from this period.〔Kamath (2001), p. 115〕 Under the patronage of Kalachuri King Bijjala II, whose prime minister was the well-known Kannada poet and social reformer Basavanna, a native form of poetic literature called ''Vachana'' literature (''lit'' "utterance", "saying" or "sentence") proliferated.〔Cousens (1926), pp. 12–13〕〔Sastri (1955), pp. 360–361; Rice E.P. (1921), p. 56; Kamath (2001), p. 115; Nagaraj in Pollock (2003), p. 21〕 The beginnings of the ''Vachana'' poetic tradition in the Kannada-speaking region trace back to the early 11th century.〔Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 171, 168–169; Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1324〕 Kannada literature written in the ''champu'' metre, composed of prose and verse, was popularised by the Chalukyan court poets. However, with the advent of the Veerashaiva (''lit'', "brave devotees of the god Shiva") religious movement in the mid-12th century, poets favoured the native ''tripadi'' (three-line verse composed of eleven ''ganas'' or prosodic units), ''hadugabba'' (song-poem) and free verse metres for their poems.〔Rice E.P. (1921), p. 59; Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1324〕〔Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 163–164, 166–167〕
Important literary contributions in Kannada were made not only by court poets, noblemen, royalty, ascetics and saints who wrote in the ''marga'' (mainstream) style,〔Durgasimha was minister to King Jayasimha II–Sastri (1955), p. 357; Prince Kirtivarma was the younger brother of King Vikramaditya VI–Kamath (2001), p. 115; Gunavarma, identified as Udayaditya, was a Ganga prince under Chalukya King Someshvara II–Lewis Rice (1985) pp. xix–xx; Nagavarmacharya was a saint–Rice E.P. (1921), pp. 33–34〕 but also by commoners and artisans, including cobblers, weavers, cowherds and shepherds who wrote in the ''desi'' (folk) style.〔Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 182; Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1324; Nagaraj in Pollock, 2003, p. 348〕 These ''Vachana'' poets (called ''Vachanakaras'') revolutionised Kannada literature, rejecting traditional themes that eulogised kings and noblemen, and writing didactic poems that were closer to the spoken and sung form of the language. In addition to hundreds of male poets, over thirty female poets have been recorded, some of whom wrote along with their husbands.〔Quote:"Over two hundred writers, many women among them"–Sastri (1955), p. 361; Quote:"More than 300 poets", "33 women ''Vachana'' poets"– Shiva Prakash 1997, pp. 167–168; Quote"Over 300 ''Vachanakaras''"–Ramanujan A.K. (1973), p. 11〕〔Quote:"More than 200 authors from the 12th and 13th centuries–mostly from the lower castes, and including more than 40 women are known to have composed ''Vachanas''"–Nagaraj, 2003, p. 348; Quote:"The ''Vachana'' literature contains ''Vachanas'' of 200 to 300 Sivasaranas of whom 50-60 are women"–Leela Mullatti, ''The Bhakti Movement and the Status of Women: A Case Study of Virasaivism'', p. 23, (1989), ISBN 81-7017-250-0〕
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